https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma#Natural_resources
Kyaiktiyo Pagoda is at 3,615 ft (1,102 m) high
Agriculture[edit]
The major agricultural product is rice, which covers about 60% of the country's total cultivated land area. Rice accounts for 97% of total food grain production by weight. Through collaboration with the International Rice Research Institute 52 modern rice varieties were released in the country between 1966 and 1997, helping increase national rice production to 14 million tons in 1987 and to 19 million tons in 1996. By 1988, modern varieties were planted on half of the country's ricelands, including 98 percent of the irrigated areas.[215] In 2008 rice production was estimated at 50 million tons.[216]
Burma is also the world's second largest producer of opium, accounting for 8% of entire world production and is a major source of illegal drugs, includingamphetamines.[217] Opium bans implemented since 2002 after international pressure have left ex-poppy farmers without sustainable sources of income in the Kokang and Wa regions. They depend on casual labour for income.[218]
Natural resources[edit]
Burma produces precious stones such as rubies, sapphires, pearls, and jade. Rubies are the biggest earner; 90% of the world's rubies come from the country, whose red stones are prized for their purity and hue. Thailand buys the majority of the country's gems. Burma's "Valley of Rubies", the mountainous Mogok area, 200 km (120 mi) north of Mandalay, is noted for its rare pigeon's blood rubies and blue sapphires.[219]
Many U.S. and European jewellery companies, including Bulgari, Tiffany, and Cartier, refuse to import these stones based on reports of deplorable working conditions in the mines. Human Rights Watch has encouraged a complete ban on the purchase of Burmese gems based on these reports and because nearly all profits go to the ruling junta, as the majority of mining activity in the country is government-run.[220] The government of Burma controls the gem trade by direct ownership or by joint ventures with private owners of mines.[221]
Other industries include agricultural goods, textiles, wood products, construction materials, gems, metals, oil and natural gas.
Administrative divisions (regions and states)[edit]
Main article: Administrative divisions of Burma
The country is divided into seven states (ပြည်နယ်) and seven regions (တိုင်းဒေသကြီး), formerly called divisions.[293] The announcement on the renaming of division to regions was made on 20 August 2010.[294] Regions are predominantly Bamar (that is, mainly inhabited by the dominant ethnic group). States, in essence, are regions that are home to particular ethnic minorities. The administrative divisions are further subdivided into districts, which are further subdivided into townships, wards, and villages.
Below are the number of districts, townships, cities/towns, wards, village Groups and villages in each divisions and states of Burma as of 31 December 2001:[295]
| No. | State/Region | Districts | Town ships | Cities/ Towns | Wards | Village groups | Villages |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Kachin State | 3 | 18 | 20 | 116 | 606 | 2630 |
| 2 | Kayah State | 2 | 7 | 7 | 29 | 79 | 624 |
| 3 | Kayin State | 3 | 7 | 10 | 46 | 376 | 2092 |
| 4 | Chin State | 2 | 9 | 9 | 29 | 475 | 1355 |
| 5 | Sagaing Region | 8 | 37 | 37 | 171 | 1769 | 6095 |
| 6 | Tanintharyi Region | 3 | 10 | 10 | 63 | 265 | 1255 |
| 7 | Bago Region | 4 | 28 | 33 | 246 | 1424 | 6498 |
| 8 | Magway Region | 5 | 25 | 26 | 160 | 1543 | 4774 |
| 9 | Mandalay Region | 7 | 31 | 29 | 259 | 1611 | 5472 |
| 10 | Mon State | 2 | 10 | 11 | 69 | 381 | 1199 |
| 11 | Rakhine State | 4 | 17 | 17 | 120 | 1041 | 3871 |
| 12 | Yangon Region | 4 | 45 | 20 | 685 | 634 | 2119 |
| 13 | Shan State | 11 | 54 | 54 | 336 | 1626 | 15513 |
| 14 | Ayeyarwady Region | 6 | 26 | 29 | 219 | 1912 | 11651 |
| Total | 63 | 324 | 312 | 2548 | 13742 | 65148 |
Borders[edit]
Burma shares borders with five countries. Its land border of 5,876 kilometres (3,651 mi) is the longest in Southeast Asia. Burma's land borders by country and length:[2]
| Country | Length (km) |
|---|---|
| China | 2185 |
| Thailand | 1800 |
| India | 1463 |
| Laos | 235 |
| Bangladesh | 193 |
Climate[edit]
Main article: Climate of Burma
Much of the country lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the Equator. It lies in the monsoon region of Asia, with its coastal regions receiving over 5,000 mm (196.9 in) of rain annually. Annual rainfall in the delta region is approximately 2,500 mm (98.4 in), while average annual rainfall in the Dry Zone, which is located in central Burma, is less than 1,000 mm (39.4 in). Northern regions of the country are the coolest, with average temperatures of 21 °C (70 °F). Coastal and delta regions have an average maximum temperature of 32 °C (89.6 °F).[292]
Wildlife[edit]
The country's slow economic growth has contributed to the preservation of much of its environment and ecosystems. Forests, including dense tropical growth and valuable teak in lower Burma, cover over 49% of the country, including areas of acacia, bamboo, ironwood and michelia champaca. Coconut and betel palm and rubber have been introduced. In the highlands of the north, oak, pine and various rhododendrons cover much of the land.[296] Heavy logging since the new 1995 forestry law went into effect has seriously reduced forest acreage and wildlife habitat.[297] The lands along the coast support all varieties of tropical fruits and once had large areas of mangroves although much of the protective mangroves have disappeared. In much of central Burma (the Dry Zone), vegetation is sparse and stunted.
Typical jungle animals, particularly tigers, occur sparsely in Burma. In upper Burma, there are], wild buffalo, wild boars, deer, antelope, and elephants, which are also tamed or bred in captivity for use as work animals, particularly in the lumber industry. Smaller mammals are also numerous, ranging from gibbons and monkeys toflying foxes and tapirs. The abundance of birds is notable with over 800 species, including parrots, peafowl, pheasants, crows, herons, and paddybirds. Among reptile species there are crocodiles, geckos, cobras, Burmese pythons, and turtles. Hundreds of species of freshwater fish are wide-ranging, plentiful and are very important food sources.[298] For a list of protected areas, see List of protected areas of Burma.
Mandalay Region
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mandalay Region (Burmese: မန္တလေးတိုင်းဒေသကြီး, pronounced: [máɴdəlé táiɴ dèθa̰ dʑí], formerly Mandalay Division) is an administrative division of Myanmar. It is located in the center of the country, bordering Sagaing Region and Magway Region to the west, Shan State to the east, and Bago Region and Kayin State to the south. The regional capital is Mandalay. In the south of the division lies the national capital of Naypyidaw. The division consists of seven districts, which are subdivided into 30 townships and 2,320 wards and village-tracts.
Mandalay Region is important in Burma's economy, accounting for 15% of the national economy.
| Mandalay Region မန္တလေးတိုင်းဒေသကြီး | ||
|---|---|---|
| Region | ||
| Myanma transcription(s) | ||
| • Burmese | manta.le: tuing: desa. kri: | |
| ||
 | ||
| Coordinates: 21°0′N 95°45′ECoordinates: 21°0′N 95°45′E | ||
| Country |  Burma | |
| Region | Central | |
| Capital | Mandalay | |
| Government | ||
| • Chief Minister | Ye Myint[1] (USDP) | |
| Area[2] | ||
| • Total | 37,021.29 km2(14,294.00 sq mi) | |
| Population (2005)[2] | ||
| • Total | 7,627,000 | |
| • Density | 210/km2 (530/sq mi) | |
| Demographics | ||
| • Ethnicities | Bamar, Chinese, Shan, Chin,Kayin, South Asians | |
| • Religions | Buddhism, Christianity,Hinduism, Islam | |
| Time zone | MST (UTC+06:30) | |
Administration[edit]
Mandalay Region consists of 31 townships organized into seven districts.
- Kyaukse District
- Mandalay District
- Meiktila District
- Myingyan District
- Nyaung-U District
- Pyinoolwin District
- Yamethin District
Demographics[edit]
The majority of the population in Mandalay Region are Bamar (Burmans). In the Mandalay metropolitan area, however, a large community ofChinese, most of whom are recent immigrants from Yunnan, now nearly rival the Bamar population.[4] A large community of Indians also reside in Mandalay. A dwindling community of Anglo-Burmese still exists in both Pyinoolwin and Mandalay. A number of Shan people live along the eastern border of the region.
Burmese is the primary language of the division. However, Mandarin Chinese is increasingly spoken in Mandalay and the northern gem mining town of Mogok.
Economy[edit]
Agriculture is the primary economical source of livelihood. Primary crops grown within Mandalay Region are rice, wheat, maise, peanut, sesame, cotton, legumes, tobacco, chilli, and vegetables. Industry, including alcoholic breweries, textile factories, sugar mills, and gem mines also exists. Tourism now forms a substantial part of Mandalay Region's economy, as it contains many historical sites including Mandalay,Amarapura, Bagan, Pyin U Lwin, Mount Popa, and Ava. Hardwoods such as teak and thanaka are also harvested.
| Mandalay Region Hluttaw မန္တလေးတိုင်းဒေသကြီးလွှတ်တော် | |
|---|---|
| 1st Mandalay Region Hluttaw | |
| Type | |
| Type | Unicameral |
| History | |
| Founded | 31 January 2011 |
| Leadership | |
| Chairperson | Aung Zan, USDP Since 31 January 2011 |
| Speaker | Win Maung, USDP Since 31 January 2011 |
| Deputy Speaker | Aung Htay Kyaw, USDP Since 31 January 2011 |
| Structure | |
| Seats | 76 57 elected MPs 19 military appointees |
 | |
| Political groups | Shan Nationalities Democratic Party (1) |
| Elections | |
| Last election | 7 November 2010 |
| Meeting place | |
| Region Hluttaw Meeting Hall Mandalay, Mandalay Region | |
Mon State
Mon State (Burmese: မွန်ပြည်နယ်, pronounced: [mʊ̀ɴ pjìnɛ̀]; Mon: တွဵုရးဍုၚ်မန်၊ ရးမညဒေသ) is an administrative division of Myanmar (Burma). It is sandwiched between Kayin State on the east, the Andaman Sea on the west, Bago Region on the north and Tanintharyi Region on the south, and has a short border with Thailand's Kanchanaburi Province at its south-eastern tip. The land area is 12,155 km². The Dawna Range, running along the eastern side of the state in a NNW - SSE direction forms a natural border with Kayin State. Mon State includes some small islands, such as Kalegauk, Wa Kyun and Kyungyi Island, along its 566 km of coastline. The state's capital is Mawlamyaing.
| Mon State မွန်ပြည်နယ် | ||
|---|---|---|
| State | ||
| Myanma transcription(s) | ||
| • Burmese | mwan pranynai | |
| ||
 | ||
| Country | Burma | |
| Region | South | |
| Capital | Mawlamyaing(Mon:Matmalom) | |
| Government | ||
| • Chief Minister | Ohn Myint[1] (USDP) | |
| Area | ||
| • Total | 12,155 km2 (4,693 sq mi) | |
| Population (2002) | ||
| • Total | 2,672,000 | |
| • Density | 220/km2 (570/sq mi) | |
| Demographics | ||
| • Ethnicities | Mon, Bamar, Anglo-Burmese,Chin, Kachin, Kayin, Rakhine,Shan, Burmese-Thai | |
| • Religions | Buddhism, Christianity | |
| Time zone | MST (UTC+06:30) | |
Economy[edit]
Mon State has a cultivated area of nearly 4.5 million acres (18,000 km²), mostly under rice. The major secondary crop is rubber. Orchards and rubber plantations are found in the mountainous areas while Coastal fishing and related industries such as production of dried fish, fish sauce and agar-agar are in southern part, Ye district. Production of Betel nut is also a sustaining business of Mon state, as the Mon peasants preserved their heredity land onwards along with the government regulations, however, there are some many parts of uncultivated crude land in the area closed to neighbour Karen state. Moreover, modern business development includes growing of cashew trees (acajoύ, in Portuguese), from which they collect the cashew nut for market elsewhere.
Other industries include paper, sugar, rubber tires. Thaton has a major factory (Burmese, Ka-Sa-La) of rubber products run by Ministry of Industry (1). Forests cover approximately half of the area and timber production is one of the major contributors to the economy. Minerals extracted from the area include salt,antimony, and granite. Natural resources such as forest products, and onshore and offshore mineral resources, are exploited only by top Myanmar military leaders and foreign companies. At the present time one of the biggest foreign investments into Myanmar is for the exploitation of natural gas reserves in Mon State. The Yadana Gas project which connected pipelines alongside the towns of Mon state made harassed danger to the native Mon land and Mon people.
In Mudon, a city near Mawlamyaing, there is an applied research center for agricultural science with laboratory bases in rubber plantation and fertilization of some other species.
In the past during the socialist regime, the trading of Mon state was exceptional because the Mon business persons had fantastic deals with the foreign enterprises from Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand. Imports and exports of goods from and to that countries were made via seaports of Mawlamyaing, Ye and Thanbyuzayat district. Although it seemed to be unofficial trading in the past, it absolutely developed Mon State if compared to the decline economy of the current situation.
The future plans with tourism will benefit Mon state a lot as it has excellent transportation with the capital Rangoon. Transportation routes include Train, Bus, Sea line and Airlines. The newly opened Mawlamyaing Bridge gives quick access from southern Ye to North Bago and Rangoon by a day journey. Three Pagoda Pass is an alternative route which communicates Mon state with neighbour Kanchanaburi province of Thailand.
Administration[edit]
Mon state has a capital of Mawlamyaing, the third largest city in Myanmar. Administrative body is set under South Eastern Regional Command of Myanmar Army in Mawlamyine and Mawyawaddy Navy Command controls coastline security. There are dispersed army infantry battalions at many towns in Mon state, and Thaton has a Light Infantry Division (44th). Major districts are divided for example, Mawlamyaing, Thaton, and Ye districts. At present, army infantries are densely placed in the former neutral territory of Ye district for future plans. Ye has become the major city for Southern Mon State with Sector Operation Command of Air Defense, and Military Operations Command 19 based headquarters.
Mon State consists of two districts:
Cities and Towns and villages[edit]
| Cities with large district | Towns | Villages |
|---|---|---|
| Mawlamyaing | Mudon | Kawt-bane |
| Thaton | Paung | Kamawak |
| Thanbyuzayat | Belin | Pha-auk |
| Ye | Mottama | Pa-nga |
| Kyaikmaraw | Kyaik-kami | Jain-gyike |
| Kyaikhto | Sit-taung | Thein-sake |
| Bakwai | Lamine | Mawkanin |
| Chaungzon | Ywar Lut |
| Islands |
|---|
| Belu-kyun |
| Kalar-goke island |
Notable sites[edit]
- Kyaiktiyo Pagoda (or) kyaik-isi-yo pagoda - A famous religious site with a steeple built on a rock covered with gold leaf, precariously balanced on the site of a cliff. Legend says that Buddha's hair was placed inside the pagoda, and its power keeps the rock from falling.
- Thaton - the former capital of an ancient Mon kingdom, much earlier than Bagan.
- Thanbyuzayat War Memorial - death railway connected with the Bridge over the River Kwai.
- Satse and Kyaik-Kami 18 miles (29 km) from Thanbyuzayati is a popular beach resort in Myanmar.
- Belu-kyun (Belu island) opposite to Mawlamyaing is rich in chemical resources as well as traditional handmake products business.
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